The short answer
The best Microsoft alternatives take over one job each: Linux Mint for Windows, LibreOffice for Office, Filen or Koofr for OneDrive, Zulip and Signal for Teams, Codeberg for GitHub. Each is run by a foundation, a non-profit or a company that earns from the people using it, and the ones that handle documents open the files you already have, so you can move at your own pace.
Most of us use Windows at work and can’t change that. This guide is for the parts you do control: the laptop at home, your own documents and files, where your code and your CV live. Below are our picks for each job, a short comparison table per job, and the smallest first step.
Our picks
- Windows: Linux Mint, free and supported until April 2029. Zorin OS if you want it to look like Windows.
- Office: LibreOffice, which opens Word, Excel and PowerPoint files and ships with no AI. For OneNote, Joplin.
- Outlook: Posteo or Proton Mail, with Thunderbird as the app. The details are in our Gmail guide.
- OneDrive: Filen for end-to-end encryption on German servers, or Koofr for 10 GB free in the EU.
- Teams and Skype: Zulip for team chat, Signal for calls with family, Proton Meet for video calls with clients.
- LinkedIn: Escape the City (UK) or Idealist for jobs, plus a website you own.
- GitHub: Codeberg, a non-profit, or Forgejo if you host your own.
- Bing and Copilot: Mojeek or Marginalia, which run their own indexes, and Lumo or Ollama if you want an AI assistant.
Why people leave Microsoft
Windows 10 reached the end of support on 14 October 2025, and Windows 11 needs a TPM 2.0 chip, Secure Boot and, for Home and Pro, a Microsoft account during setup (Microsoft’s specifications). Microsoft’s own page says consumer Extended Security Updates run to 12 October 2027. Canalys projected in December 2023 that about 240 million PCs could become e-waste; the Linux section below is the practical answer to that forecast.
Windows 11 has also shown Microsoft Store promotions in the Start menu since April 2024, and Recall, which screenshots what you do on Copilot+ PCs, reached general availability on 25 April 2025 as opt-in, after security criticism in 2024.
Copilot arrived with a price rise. On 16 January 2025 Microsoft added Copilot to Microsoft 365 Personal and Family and raised US prices by $3 a month, keeping cheaper “Classic” plans for existing subscribers. Australia’s consumer regulator sued on 27 October 2025, alleging 2.7 million subscribers weren’t told the Classic plan existed; Microsoft said it was reviewing the claim, and the outcome is not verified.
The security record. The US Cyber Safety Review Board’s report on the 2023 Storm-0558 intrusion, in which a stolen signing key opened the Exchange Online mail of about 22 organisations and over 500 people, found “a cascade of security failures” and called Microsoft’s security culture “inadequate” (published April 2024). Further back, the Guardian reported in July 2013 from Edward Snowden’s documents that Microsoft helped the NSA access encrypted messages; Microsoft said it complied only with legal demands.
LinkedIn and your data. Ireland’s Data Protection Commission fined LinkedIn €310 million on 24 October 2024 for using members’ data for behavioural analysis and targeted ads without a valid legal basis. From 3 November 2025 LinkedIn trains generative AI on members’ data in the EU, EEA, Switzerland, Canada and Hong Kong, dropped its UK exception, and relies on “legitimate interest” with an opt-out. The switch is in the steps section below.
US law reaches data stored in Europe. On 10 June 2025, Microsoft France’s legal director told a French Senate inquiry he could not guarantee that French customer data would never be handed to US authorities without French consent, while saying it had never happened. Several European governments are moving away from Microsoft; there’s a section on them below.
Dominance, and the habit of buying the competition. US courts found that Microsoft had illegally maintained its Windows monopoly, with final judgments approved in November 2002, and since then it has bought Skype (2011), LinkedIn (2016), GitHub (2018) and Activision Blizzard (2023). On 12 September 2025 the European Commission made Microsoft’s commitments on Teams binding: cheaper suites without Teams, plus interoperability and data portability for 7 to 10 years. Revenue was $331.8 billion in the year to June 2026.
Emissions are rising, by Microsoft’s own count. Its 2025 sustainability report puts total emissions 23.4% above the 2020 baseline, against a goal of being carbon negative by 2030. Press reports on the 2026 report describe a further rise of about 25% in a year; we haven’t verified that against Microsoft’s own document.
On 6 August 2025 the Guardian, +972 Magazine and Local Call reported that Israel’s Unit 8200 stored recordings of millions of Palestinian phone calls on Azure servers in the Netherlands and Ireland; on 25 September 2025 Microsoft said it “has ceased and disabled a set of services to a unit within the Israel Ministry of Defense” after its own review, and that other services to the Israeli military continue.
How we choose
We check every alternative against the 6 principles in our manifesto: who owns it and how it makes money, what it collects, how it treats people, how honest it is, whether it’s open and interoperable, and whether it’ll still exist in 3 years. Anything owned by Microsoft, Alphabet, Meta or Amazon, or funded mainly by surveillance advertising, is out. How we work has the details.
Renting servers from a Big Tech cloud counts as a trade-off, and we say so on the page: Signal rents some capacity from Microsoft Azure, for example. Where the evidence runs out we write “not verified”. Inclusion is never paid for, and this page has no affiliate links.
Windows alternatives
Linux is a family of free operating systems, and you choose a “distribution” the way you’d choose a phone. Our pick is Linux Mint: it looks familiar, it’s supported until 2029, and it comes with LibreOffice installed. If your PC can’t run Windows 11, End of 10, a campaign hosted by KDE and backed by Debian, Fedora and GNOME, lists repair cafés and local helpers who’ll install Linux with you, plus a do-it-yourself guide.
Everything in the tables was checked on 13 October 2026. “New” marks entries added in this update. Each name links to its write-up, where the trade-offs live.
| Name | Who runs it | How it’s paid for | Open source | Best for | Price |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Linux Mint New | Community project | Donations, sponsors, site ads | Yes | Your first step from Windows | Free |
| Zorin OS New | Zorin Group, Ireland | Zorin OS Pro sales | Yes | Looking like Windows | Free, Pro paid |
| Debian | Volunteer project, no company | Donations | Yes | Stability, 5 years of support | Free |
| Fedora New | Community, sponsored by Red Hat | Red Hat (IBM) | Yes | Newest software, fast updates | Free |
| elementary OS New | elementary, Inc. | Users pay what they want | Yes | Mac switchers, tidy design | Pay what you want |
| Trisquel New | Community project | Donations | Yes, fully free software | Avoiding all proprietary code | Free |
| Qubes OS | Community project | Donations and sponsors | Yes | Journalists, activists, high risk | Free |
Linux Mint
A Linux desktop built for people arriving from Windows: a familiar menu, taskbar and file manager, with LibreOffice already installed. It’s a community project funded by donations, sponsors and ads on its own site, with the homepage promise “We don’t collect data, we don’t work against you”. Version 22.3 came out on 13 January 2026 and is supported until April 2029.
The trade-off: its code is hosted on GitHub, which Microsoft owns, and its site carries some ads. Free.
Zorin OS
Made in Ireland to feel like Windows, down to the layout, and it runs many Windows .exe and .msi installers. Zorin Group earns from Zorin OS Pro; the Core edition is free, and version 18 is supported “until at least June 2029”. It’s built on Ubuntu.
The trade-off: it’s company-run, and the installer sends a “census” ping with an anonymous install ID (per its privacy policy), so untick “participate in the census” during install if you’d rather it didn’t count your computer. Some forum users report pings continuing after removal, which we haven’t verified. We didn’t capture the Pro price.
Debian
The volunteer-run distribution that much of Linux, Mint included, is built on. No company owns it: its members vote on policy under a public Social Contract. Debian 13 came out on 9 August 2025 with 69,830 packages and 5 years of support, and since a 2022 vote the installer includes non-free firmware, so Wi-Fi and graphics work out of the box.
The trade-off: plainer than Mint and slower to take new software. Free.
Fedora
A community distribution with Workstation (GNOME) and KDE editions, and Privacy Guides’ first pick for people new to Linux. Fedora 44 is current, with 45 in beta (13 October 2026), and the project backs End of 10.
The trade-off: “Fedora is sponsored by Red Hat”, whose parent is IBM, so the money comes from Red Hat’s enterprise business. A 2023 proposal for opt-out telemetry drew a backlash; the outcome is not verified. Updates arrive fast, so it suits people happy to learn a little. Free.
elementary OS
A calm, tidy desktop from elementary, Inc., “funded directly by users who pay for the OS and AppCenter apps”, with “no advertising deals” and a statement that it “does not collect sensitive personal data”. It’s pay what you want, with $10, $20 or $30 suggested and $0 allowed (13 October 2026).
The trade-off: a small, user-funded company, so there’s some risk to its future. Best for people coming from a Mac.
Trisquel
A fully free distribution on the FSF’s list: no proprietary software anywhere, and donation-funded. Version 12.0 arrived on 11 April 2026, based on Ubuntu 24.04 LTS, with support until 2029.
The trade-off: no proprietary drivers, so some Wi-Fi cards and graphics chips won’t work; check your hardware first. The gap between versions 11 and 12 was nearly 3 years. Free.
Qubes OS
Security by isolation: every app runs in its own virtual machine, so a bad PDF can’t reach your banking, and SecureDrop uses it for journalists’ workstations. It’s funded by donations through Open Collective and partners, publishes its security bulletins, and released 4.3.2 on 2 October 2026.
The trade-off: the recommended hardware is 16 GB of RAM, a 128 GB SSD and an Intel CPU with Intel graphics (“AMD processors are not recommended”), and it takes time to learn. For people at real risk. Free.
Three more, in one line each. Pop!_OS is the distribution of US computer maker System76, with its own COSMIC desktop released as 24.04 LTS in December 2025, so it’s young. Bazzite is a gaming distribution built on Fedora with Steam pre-installed, run by the Universal Blue community on donations. Ubuntu, from Canonical Ltd, is the one most guides assume; we haven’t scored it for this update. ChromeOS Flex is often suggested for old Windows 10 PCs, and it’s Google’s, so it’s out.
Buying a computer that comes with Linux
If you’d rather skip the installing, a few makers ship Linux already set up and support it properly. Two passed our checks, with caveats.
TUXEDO Computers
Linux-first laptops and desktops from Augsburg, “assembled and developed (drivers, apps, firmware) in Germany”, with a “Right to Repair and Upgrade” and a 2 to 5 year guarantee. They ship TUXEDO OS, or their WebFAI tool installs the distribution you prefer, and the company is open about also selling Windows machines.
The trade-off: where the components come from, and under what labour conditions, is unknown; funding wasn’t verified. Prices depend on the configuration.
Framework
Repairable, upgradeable laptops that ship with the one tool needed to replace any part, with repair guides, 3D files and firmware published on GitHub, and a DIY edition that takes your own Linux. The company is based in San Francisco and most manufacturing is in Taiwan.
The trade-off: it’s venture-funded ($17 million in April 2024, led by Spark Capital), so that money will want a return, and factory labour audits are unknown. In October 2025 its sponsorship of the Hyprland project and promotion of Omarchy drew criticism; the founder replied that Framework “deliberately create[s] a big tent” and doesn’t pick partners by their politics. Prices weren’t captured for this update.
Office alternatives
Our pick is LibreOffice. It opens and saves Word, Excel and PowerPoint files, works offline, costs nothing, and the foundation behind it has made “no AI” a selling point. The first worry is usually whether your files survive: LibreOffice reads and writes DOCX, XLSX and PPTX, and ONLYOFFICE claims the closest match for complex layouts, though we haven’t tested either on heavy files. There’s more in our office software directory.
| Name | Who runs it | How it’s paid for | Open source | Works offline | Opens Microsoft files | Price |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LibreOffice | The Document Foundation, Germany | Donations | Yes | Yes | Yes | Free |
| ONLYOFFICE | Ascensio System SIA, Latvia | Paid business plans | Yes | Yes, desktop editors | Yes | Free desktop, paid cloud |
| Collabora Online New | Collabora Productivity, UK | Business subscriptions | Yes | Partly, desktop app available | Yes | €3 per user a month |
| CryptPad New | XWiki SAS, France | Subscriptions, donations, grants | Yes | No, runs in browser | Partly, import and export | Free, paid from €5 |
| Euro-Office New | Consortium: IONOS, Nextcloud, others | Its backing companies | Yes | No, lives inside hosts | Yes | Free |
For writing together online without a full suite, 2 lighter options:
| Name | Who runs it | How it’s paid for | Open source | Hosted for you | Price |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Etherpad New | Volunteer project | Not stated | Yes | Partly, via public instances | Free |
| Framasoft New | French non-profit association | Donations | Yes | Yes, Framapad and Framacalc | Free |
LibreOffice
Writer, Calc, Impress, Draw and Base, from The Document Foundation, a German not-for-profit foundation funded by donations. Its homepage reads “Free and private office suite, no forced AI”, the 26.8 release (26 August 2026) was announced with “and no artificial intelligence” in the headline, and it saves to the open ODF format by default. ToS;DR grades it B.
The trade-off: we haven’t tested how it renders complex Office files, and there’s a dispute to watch. In April 2026 the foundation removed about 30 Collabora staff and partners from its membership under a bylaw on legal disputes; Collabora says that includes 7 of the top 10 active core committers (LWN), and neither side has published the details. Free.
ONLYOFFICE
The open-source suite with the strongest claim to matching Microsoft’s file formats (untested by us), under the AGPL-3.0 licence. The desktop editors are free; DocSpace cloud is free for up to 3 admins and 2 GB, then $20 per admin a month. Docs 10.0 (10 October 2026) adds an optional AI layer, billed per token in the cloud.
The trade-off: the code is owned by Ascensio System SIA in Riga, under a Singapore holding company set up in 2023, and the company says its Russian business was split off in 2019, and The Register sees “many signs that it was developed in Russia”. In March 2026 Nextcloud, IONOS and partners forked it as Euro-Office; ONLYOFFICE says the fork breaks its licence terms and suspended its Nextcloud partnership, and how that ends is not verified.
Collabora Online
LibreOffice’s technology as an online editor on your own server, from Collabora Productivity in Cambridge and Hamburg, which sells to enterprises and governments. Open source, with ODF and Microsoft formats, plus a new desktop app for Windows, macOS and Linux. Business plans cost €3 per user a month up to 99 users; the CODE edition is free for testing and home use.
The trade-off: it’s built for organisations, so at home you’ll meet it inside Nextcloud or a hosting provider. After its removal from the foundation’s membership in April 2026 it says it will reduce its involvement with LibreOffice, and it markets itself against ONLYOFFICE on “origin and ownership”, where it has a commercial interest.
CryptPad
Documents, sheets, slides, forms and kanban boards, all encrypted in your browser so the people running the server can’t read them. Made at XWiki SAS in Paris, funded since 2016 by BPI France, NLnet, NGI Trust and Mozilla, with “no investors” and “no exit strategy”; AGPL-3.0, ToS;DR B, and Privacy Guides’ only document pick. Public instances are free, and the flagship cryptpad.fr charges €5 to €100 a month, half price for education and non-profits.
The trade-off: its document, sheet and presentation apps reuse ONLYOFFICE components, which matters if you’re following that story. Office files import and export, but we haven’t tested how faithfully, and it needs a browser.
Euro-Office
An engine that lives inside other services: Nextcloud, Proton, XWiki and OpenProject bundle it. It’s an AGPL fork of ONLYOFFICE, launched on 27 March 2026 with a first stable release on 9 June 2026, by a consortium of European companies (IONOS, Nextcloud, XWiki, OpenProject, Soverin and others), and it opens Microsoft formats.
The trade-off: it’s 6 months old, no foundation holds it, and ONLYOFFICE disputes the fork’s licence compliance; the consortium says the attribution issue is resolved, ONLYOFFICE says no agreement was reached. Free.
Etherpad
The original shared text pad: open a link, everyone types at once. A volunteer project with “No telemetry. No upsells.”, Apache 2.0 code, full export, and version 3.3.8 on 11 October 2026. The trade-off: it’s text pads, and you host it yourself or use a public instance such as Framapad. Free.
Framasoft
A French not-for-profit association, funded by donations, hosting free services for anyone: Framapad for documents, Framacalc for spreadsheets, Framaforms and Framatalk for video calls. It says openly that it closed or restricted some of its services in 2019 and points to CHATONS, a network of like-minded hosts, for the rest. The trade-off: French-speaking first, though English pages exist. Free.
For small businesses that want mail and office in one hosted suite, Zoho Workplace is the independent option. Zoho Corporation is privately held and bootstrapped, its privacy commitment says “We will never sell your data” and that even its free services carry no ads, and ToS;DR grades it B. The caveats: it’s closed source, so you’re trusting their word; the free mail plan has no IMAP, which locks you in; its ManageEngine products were exploited in 2021 and 2022 and a WorkDrive backdoor was misused in February 2026; and its founder’s public ties to the RSS drew a boycott campaign in 2020, while a contested court case over his Zoho shares is under appeal. We list it and keep it out of the table.
Apache OpenOffice was in the old version of this guide, and it’s still free to download. Its last feature release was 4.1 in 2014, version 4.1.16 (10 November 2025) fixed a batch of security holes listed on its bulletin page, and Apache’s security team rated the project’s health “red” in board minutes from April 2026, with “several issues” over a year old. LibreOffice does the same job with faster fixes, so OpenOffice is out.
OneNote alternatives
OneNote’s strength is that it’s everywhere; its weakness is that your notes live in Microsoft’s format. Our pick is Joplin: end-to-end encrypted, open source and open format, so you can leave it later too. All 3 sync across phone and desktop.
| Name | Who runs it | How it’s paid for | End-to-end encrypted | Open source | Price |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Joplin New | Laurent Cozic, developer | Joplin Cloud subscriptions, donations | Yes | Yes | Free app, Cloud paid |
| Standard Notes New | Proton AG, since 2024 | Subscriptions | Yes, audited | Yes | Free plan, $90 a year |
| Simplenote New | Automattic | Automattic’s other products | No | Partly, apps only | Free |
Joplin
Notes and notebooks in Markdown, with end-to-end encryption, open-source apps and an open format you can export any time. It’s built by developer Laurent Cozic and paid for by Joplin Cloud subscriptions (hosted in the EU) and donations; ToS;DR grades it C provisionally, and version 3.7.21 came out on 25 September 2026.
The trade-off: the app is free, but Joplin Cloud’s prices wouldn’t load for us, so they’re not verified, and we haven’t tested its OneNote import.
Standard Notes
Audited end-to-end encrypted notes under the AGPL-3.0 licence, with ToS;DR’s top grade of A. There’s a free plan, and Productivity costs $90 a year, Professional $120 (13 October 2026). The trade-off: it has been part of Proton since April 2024, and Proton hasn’t said how it fits alongside Proton’s own apps.
Simplenote
Plain, fast and free, from Automattic (the company behind WordPress.com), with open-source apps and an Android release on 5 October 2026. The trade-off: your notes aren’t end-to-end encrypted or encrypted at rest, and the sync server is proprietary. Fine for shopping lists, wrong for anything private.
Outlook alternatives
Our Gmail guide covers email providers in full, and the same picks replace Outlook.com and Hotmail: Posteo (user-funded, no investors, €1 a month, running on renewable electricity from Green Planet Energy) and Proton Mail (foundation-owned, end-to-end encrypted, with a free plan; it complies with Swiss legal orders, 8,313 of them in 2025, and ToS;DR grades it D). For the Outlook desktop app, Thunderbird is donation-funded and open source; its parent, Mozilla, lives mostly on Google money. The email services directory has the rest.
On Android, FairEmail is an open-source mail app with “no analytics and no tracking” from FairCode B.V., with paid Pro features. For the Outlook calendar, the volunteer-run Etar and Fossify Calendar apps have no ads or tracking, and DAVx5 syncs calendars and contacts over the open CalDAV and CardDAV standards with Posteo, Nextcloud or any provider that supports them.
OneDrive alternatives
Our picks are Filen and Koofr. Filen if you want end-to-end encryption, so the provider can’t read your files; Koofr if you want cheap storage in the EU with 10 GB free. Syncthing is the answer if you’d rather have no cloud at all, and Nextcloud if you want a whole suite that you or a provider host. The rest of the table is listed with its caveats, and our file sharing directory has more.
| Name | Who runs it | How it’s paid for | Provider can’t read your files | Open source | Free storage | Cheapest paid plan |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Filen New | Filen Cloud Dienste UG, Germany | Subscriptions, no outside investors | Yes, end-to-end encrypted | Partly, apps only | 10 GB | €1.99 a month, 200 GB |
| Koofr New | Koofr d.o.o., Slovenia | Subscriptions | No, not end-to-end encrypted | No | 10 GB | €0.50 a month, 10 GB |
| Syncthing New | Syncthing Foundation, Sweden | Donations | Yes, no provider involved | Yes | Your own disks | Free |
| Nextcloud New | Nextcloud GmbH, Germany | Enterprise subscriptions | Partly, if you host it yourself | Yes | Free to self-host | €71.29 per user a year |
| OpenCloud New | OpenCloud GmbH, Heinlein Group | Support subscriptions | Partly, if you host it yourself | Yes | Free to self-host | €2 per user a month |
| Proton Drive New | Proton AG, foundation-owned | Subscriptions | Yes | Partly, apps only | 5 GB | $4.99 a month, 200 GB |
| pCloud New | pCloud International AG, Switzerland | Subscriptions, lifetime plans | Partly, paid add-on | No | 2 GB, up to 10 GB | $219 lifetime, 500 GB |
| Internxt New | Internxt, investor-backed | Subscriptions, lifetime deals | Yes, company’s claim | Partly, clients only | 1 GB | €9.99 a month, 1 TB |
| Seafile New | Seafile Ltd, Singapore and China | Pro edition licences | Partly, if you host it yourself | Partly, Pro is closed | Free to self-host | $100 a year, 9 users |
| Sync.com New | Sync.com Inc., Toronto | Subscriptions | Yes, end-to-end encrypted | No | 5 GB | $9 a month, 1 TB |
Filen
Zero-knowledge, end-to-end encrypted storage from Filen Cloud Dienste UG, with servers in Germany and, by the company’s own account, no outside financiers. The apps are open source, ToS;DR grades it C provisionally, and it’s actively maintained by a small team.
10 GB is free, and paid plans start at €1.99 a month for 200 GB (15 October 2026). The trade-off: that small team is the main risk.
Koofr
A Slovenian cloud drive, running since 2013, with data centres in the European Union, 10 GB free, and paid plans from €0.50 a month for 10 GB to €10 a month for 1 TB, billed yearly with VAT included (13 October 2026). It offers a loyalty discount; we found no affiliate programme.
The trade-off: closed source, we found no end-to-end encryption claim, and its shareholders weren’t verified. Best as cheap EU storage for files that aren’t sensitive.
Syncthing
Keeps folders in sync between your own devices, directly, with no copy held anywhere else. It’s run by the Syncthing Foundation, a Swedish non-profit, under the MPL-2.0 licence and an open protocol, with version 2.1.6 on 6 October 2026. The trade-off: it’s sync, so you need 2 or more devices switched on, and it’s no substitute for a backup. Free.
Nextcloud
Files, calendars, contacts, video calls and an office suite on a server you or a provider run. Nextcloud GmbH in Stuttgart is “fully employee-funded”, profitable since 2016, and earns from enterprise subscriptions; the code is AGPL, it uses open standards such as CalDAV and WebDAV, and it offers Outlook, SharePoint and Teams integrations for organisations mid-move. Self-hosting is free; Enterprise starts at €71.29 per user a year for 100 or more users.
The trade-off: self-hosting takes skill, so most people start with a provider (Hetzner Storage Share is a managed Nextcloud in Germany; we didn’t capture its price). Its office editor is now “powered by Euro-Office”, the fork whose licence is in dispute.
OpenCloud
Built by the former ownCloud team at OpenCloud GmbH, part of the Heinlein Group in Berlin, and paid for by support subscriptions. Open source (Apache 2.0 and AGPL), with an accessibility statement, a migration path from ownCloud, and version 8.1.0 on 5 October 2026. The trade-off: it’s for self-hosters and organisations; support starts at €2 per user a month (15 October 2026).
Proton Drive
End-to-end encrypted storage with its own online Docs and Sheets. Proton AG’s primary shareholder is the non-profit Proton Foundation, it has no venture capital investors, and the apps are open source and audited. 5 GB is free; Drive Plus gives 200 GB for $4.99 a month and Unlimited 500 GB for $12.99 (13 October 2026).
The trade-off: ToS;DR grades Proton D, it complies with Swiss legal orders (and logged an activist’s IP address under one in 2021), and it has begun moving some infrastructure out of Switzerland over a proposed surveillance law.
pCloud
Registered in Switzerland and run from Sofia, profitable since 2019, with a choice of EU or US storage and lifetime plans: 500 GB for $219, 2 TB for $499, 10 TB for $1,499 (sale prices, 13 October 2026).
The trade-off: closed source; encryption is a paid add-on, and ETH Zurich researchers reported attacks on its design in October 2024 that pCloud hadn’t answered at the time; the “sale” prices look permanent; ToS;DR grades it C; and it runs an affiliate programme paying up to $300 a sale, which we’re not part of. Pick the EU region, and for sensitive files use Filen or Proton Drive.
Internxt
Founded in 2020, with zero-knowledge encryption as its claim, open-source clients and a desktop release on 7 October 2026. The trade-off: it’s backed by investors (Juan Roig, Prosegur, Telefonica, Notion Capital, Andorra Telecom and EU funds) and sold through aggressive deals: 1 GB is free, and the 1 TB plan is billed at €1.99 for the first month, then €9.99 a month on an annual plan (15 October 2026).
Seafile
File sync you host yourself, with an open-source Community Edition and version 14.0.9 in September 2026. The trade-off: the company sits in Singapore and China, the Pro edition is proprietary, and it now offers AI tagging.
Sync.com
End-to-end encrypted storage from Toronto with ToS;DR’s provisional A grade. Personal 1 TB costs $9 a month billed annually in the first year, then $12 (13 October 2026). The trade-off: closed source, so you’re trusting their word, and we didn’t verify where it hosts.
Teams alternatives
Teams does 3 jobs: team chat, video meetings and calls. Our picks are Zulip for team chat and Signal for calls, with Proton Meet for video calls that outside people can join from a browser. A work team can’t usually choose, so these are for your own projects, clubs and families. There’s more in our team collaboration directory.
| Name | Replaces | Who runs it | How it’s paid for | Non-profit or community-run | Open source | Price |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zulip New | Team chat | Zulip Foundation, non-profit | Cloud subscriptions | Yes | Yes | Free self-hosted, cloud $6.67/user |
| Signal | Calls and chat | Signal Foundation, non-profit | Donations | Yes | Yes | Free |
| Element New | Chat and video | Venture-backed UK company | Government and business plans | No | Yes, almost all | Free for personal use |
| Jitsi Meet New | Video meetings | 8×8, Inc., US | 8×8’s paid products | No | Yes | Free |
| Proton Meet New | Video meetings | Proton AG, foundation-owned | Subscriptions | Partly, foundation-owned company | Partly, apps only | Free plan |
| Linphone | Calls | Belledonne Communications, France | Dual licensing | No | Yes | Free |
| Jami New | Calls and chat | Savoir-faire Linux, Montreal | One company plus donations | Partly, a GNU project | Yes | Free |
| Wire New | Chat and calls | Wire Group Holdings, Berlin | Business subscriptions | No | Yes | Free personal, €7.45/user business |
| Twist New | Team chat | Doist, bootstrapped | Subscriptions | No | No | Free plan, $6/user |
| Rocket.Chat New | Team chat | Venture-backed company | Business and defence contracts | No | Yes, licence split unclear | Not verified |
Zulip
Team chat organised by topic, so a busy channel still reads like a conversation. Since May 2026 the non-profit Zulip Foundation fully owns the company behind it, which took no outside investment; it’s 100% open source under Apache-2.0, you can self-host with every feature, and it sponsors free hosting for hundreds of open-source, research and non-profit groups. Cloud Standard costs $6.67 per user a month billed annually, with an 85% or larger discount for non-workplace use.
The trade-off: the hand-over to the foundation is only months old, so the new governance hasn’t been tested yet, and it’s a chat tool, so you’ll pair it with something for calls.
Signal
A non-profit funded by donations, with no investors, where everything, group calls included, is end-to-end encrypted by default, and apps and server are open source. It has been run by the Signal Foundation since February 2018.
The trade-off: Signal rents some of its servers from Microsoft Azure, alongside Amazon and Google, and says so openly; your messages stay encrypted on them. You need a phone number to sign up, though usernames can hide it from other people. Free.
Element
The friendliest app for the open, federated Matrix network, with end-to-end encryption on by default in private rooms since May 2020, and its homepage pitches it as an “Alternative to Microsoft Teams”. Element Call does video, with guest access for people outside your server. Nearly all the code is AGPL, and it’s free for personal use.
The trade-off: it’s a venture-backed company whose big customers are governments and armed forces, including a messenger for the German Armed Forces since 2020, and public rooms aren’t encrypted. The Matrix Foundation that looks after the network said in February 2025 it covered only half its budget.
Jitsi Meet
Open-source video meetings that anyone can join from a browser link, under the Apache-2.0 licence and ToS;DR grade B, with a stable release on 14 September 2026.
The trade-off: it belongs to the US company 8×8, and the public meet.jit.si service has changed. Since 24 August 2023 whoever creates a room must sign in with Google, GitHub (which is Microsoft) or Facebook, and from 9 October 2026 meetings there are “limited to 95 minutes. More changes are coming”. Use Framatalk, Framasoft’s Jitsi with no login, another community instance, or host your own. Free.
Proton Meet
Video calls end-to-end encrypted with MLS, where keys change as people join and leave, from the foundation-owned Proton. It launched on 31 March 2026; up to 4 people can join with no account, and the Free plan includes Meet. Launch coverage put longer calls at $7.99 a month, which we haven’t re-checked on Proton’s own page.
The trade-off: it’s 6 months old, we found no audit, and only the apps are open source. ToS;DR grades Proton D.
Linphone
Voice and video calls on the open SIP standard, so you can call anyone on any SIP service, with end-to-end encryption via ZRTP. It’s made by Belledonne Communications in France, which earns by dual licensing and offers a free SIP account. The trade-off: the people you call need SIP too, and the interface is plainer than Skype’s was. Free.
Jami
A GNU project: peer-to-peer, end-to-end encrypted calls and chats, with no phone number, email or personal information needed, and a stable release on 17 September 2026. The trade-off: it’s kept going by one Montreal software company, Savoir-faire Linux, plus donations. Free.
Wire
Always-on end-to-end encrypted chat and calls from Berlin, open source, with personal accounts still free and business plans at €7.45 per person a month billed annually. The trade-off: European institutional investors hold over 90%, among them Janus Friis, Cipio Partners, Schwarz Gruppe and UnternehmerTUM, its focus is governments and critical infrastructure, and ToS;DR grades it C provisionally.
Twist
Threaded team chat designed against the “I’m available” pressure of Teams and Slack, from Doist, a bootstrapped company with no venture capital and a remote team of 108 people in 38 countries. The trade-off: closed source, and the free plan shows only 1 month of history; Unlimited costs $6 per user a month.
Rocket.Chat
Open-source team chat that federates over Matrix and XMPP, with version 8.9.0 on 5 October 2026 and its own AI features. The trade-off: it’s venture-funded ($19 million in 2021, $10 million in 2023) and sells itself to “defense, intelligence, and critical infrastructure”, naming the US Navy; we couldn’t verify how its licence splits between the open and paid editions, or its prices. Listed with that caveat.
Skype closed on 5 May 2025
Microsoft retired Skype on 5 May 2025 and moved people to the free version of Teams; Skype Number subscriptions ended in May 2026, and skype.com now redirects to Teams. If you came here for a Skype replacement: Signal for family and friends, Jami if you don’t want to give out a phone number, Linphone for calling SIP numbers, and Proton Meet or a community Jitsi for video calls that outsiders can join from a link. Teachers and schools have BigBlueButton, an open-source virtual classroom started at Carleton University in 2007 and built into Moodle and Canvas.
LinkedIn alternatives
No LinkedIn clone passed our checks. The 2019 pick, The Dots, has had no news since 2018 and its site blocks our checks, so it’s out; Polywork closed on 31 January 2025, and Read.cv was bought by Perplexity and wound down by May 2025. The usual suggestions, Indeed and Glassdoor, are in the popular options below.
What works is splitting the job. For finding work, a job board run on better terms. For being findable, a one-page website you own plus a Mastodon account, which you can move to another server without losing your followers. Our ethical job sites for freelancers article goes further.
Escape the City
A UK job board for purpose-led organisations, run by Escape The City Ltd in Hove since 2010, where roles are “verified to be working in progressive ways”. It has been a certified B Corp since September 2015 with a B Impact Score of 93.6, against a median of 50.9. The trade-off: UK-focused, employers pay for listings, and we couldn’t verify its funding, its tracking or whether anything costs job seekers money.
Outside the UK, Idealist is a 501(c)(3) non-profit in New York listing social-impact jobs and volunteering in 180 countries; we gave it a lighter check than Escape the City.
GitHub alternatives
GitHub has been Microsoft’s since October 2018, and it hosts the code of many projects on this page, Linux Mint included. Our pick is Codeberg, a member-run non-profit, with Forgejo if you’d rather host your own.
| Name | Who runs it | How it’s paid for | Non-profit or community-run | Open source | Price |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Codeberg New | Codeberg e.V., Berlin | Donations and membership fees | Yes | Yes | Free |
| GitLab New | GitLab Inc., listed company | Paid tiers | No | Partly, open core | Free tier |
Codeberg
Git hosting run by Codeberg e.V., a registered non-profit association in Berlin, “powered by donations and membership fees”, on its own hardware. It runs Forgejo, free software it also stewards, its members vote on the budget, and ToS;DR grades it B. Free, with an optional membership.
The trade-off: it’s for open-source projects, so for private company code you’d self-host Forgejo instead, and it depends on donations.
GitLab
The one like-for-like GitHub replacement for companies: hosted or self-hosted, with a free tier and an open-source community edition (open core; not re-verified for this update). ToS;DR grades it D.
The trade-off: GitLab Inc. is a NASDAQ-listed company answering to shareholders, and in June 2026 it told the SEC that about 14% of its workforce would be affected by a restructuring. If a Big Tech company buys it, it comes off this page.
Two more. Forgejo is the forge software Codeberg runs: GPL-3.0 or later, community-governed, with its domains held by Codeberg e.V.; it hard-forked from Gitea in February 2024 after Gitea’s domains and trademark moved to a company, which is why Gitea isn’t listed. SourceHut is a minimal, very spare forge from a small Dutch company, still in public alpha, at €4, €8 or €12 a month with financial aid available.
Bing and Copilot alternatives
Bing is the world’s second-largest search engine, with 5.29% worldwide in September 2026 (StatCounter), and it’s underneath more privacy engines than people expect. Microsoft retired the public Bing Search APIs on 11 August 2025, but long-term partners kept going: DuckDuckGo says its links are “largely” sourced from Bing, Ecosia uses Bing for all users, and Startpage and Qwant draw on it too, with Qwant’s privacy policy noting that Microsoft keeps full IP addresses for 6 months on Bing-served queries.
To leave Microsoft’s index entirely, use Mojeek or Marginalia Search, which run their own indexes, or GOOD, which uses Brave’s. MetaGer, the old guide’s second pick, ended its free search on 10 September 2024 after its Bing reseller ended the contract, and only its paid search continues. Our search engines directory has every engine with its lenses, and our Google guide covers browsers, so Edge has its answer there.
For Copilot, the private choices are an assistant that keeps no logs, or models that run on your own computer. DuckDuckGo’s Duck.ai is out here because some of its chats route through Azure OpenAI, which is Microsoft.
| Name | Who runs it | How it’s paid for | No logs kept | Open source | Runs on your computer | Price |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lumo New | Proton AG, foundation-owned | Subscriptions | Yes | Yes | No, Proton servers in Germany | Free, Plus $9.99 a month |
| Ollama New | Ollama Inc., venture-funded | Cloud subscriptions | Yes, when run locally | Yes | Yes | Free locally, cloud $20 |
Lumo
Proton’s assistant: “we keep no logs of what you ask, or what Lumo replies”, your history is encrypted so Proton can’t read it, its code is open source, and it runs open models (Qwen, GLM and Apertus, the Swiss public model) on Proton’s own servers, moved to Germany over Swiss surveillance proposals. Free, with Lumo Plus at $9.99 a month billed yearly (13 October 2026).
The trade-off: some of its models come from Chinese labs (Qwen from Alibaba, GLM from Zhipu), and the energy cost of any hosted AI is unknown to us.
Ollama
Runs open models from many labs on your own computer, where “We do not collect, store, transmit, or have access to your prompts, responses”. The app is open source, local use is free and unlimited, and an optional cloud costs $20 a month.
The trade-off: Ollama Inc. is venture-funded (a $65 million round in July 2026) and pushing that cloud, which runs mainly in the US, so use it offline, and you’ll need a capable computer. Jan is a friendlier Apache-2.0 desktop app that “runs 100% offline”; we haven’t confirmed who’s behind it, so it’s a mention only.
Europe is already doing this
Several European public bodies are leaving Microsoft, slowly and with fallbacks, mostly over who can be made to hand over their data. The German state of Schleswig-Holstein finished moving over 40,000 mailboxes from Exchange and Outlook to Open-Xchange and Thunderbird on 2 October 2025, with LibreOffice on nearly 80% of its workplaces and Nextcloud still replacing SharePoint; its minister apologised to staff for outages along the way. By September 2026 its state chancellery had moved over 200 desks to Linux, with 20 kept on Windows for specialist apps.
Denmark’s digital ministry began moving staff from Office 365 to LibreOffice in June 2025, with Microsoft kept as a fallback; early reports that it would also replace Windows were retracted, and whether its autumn 2025 target was met is not verified. The Austrian armed forces said in September 2025 they were moving 16,000 workstations to LibreOffice, a decision taken in 2021 for sovereignty more than cost. Lyon announced in June 2025 it would replace Office with ONLYOFFICE and move to Linux, and on 8 April 2026 France’s digital agency said government workstations will move from Windows to Linux, with every ministry due to send a plan by autumn 2026 and no distribution chosen yet.
The International Criminal Court is one of them. In May 2025, after US sanctions on its prosecutor, the Associated Press reported, citing court staff, that Microsoft had cancelled the prosecutor’s email address and he had moved to Proton Mail; Microsoft says it “at no point” ceased or suspended services to the court and was in contact with it throughout the disconnection of its sanctioned official. In October 2025 the court confirmed it would move its roughly 1,800 workstations (heise, citing Handelsblatt) to openDesk, a suite built by a company owned by the German federal government; how far that has got is not verified.
None of these suites is something you can sign up for at home: openDesk and France’s La Suite are for public staff, and Office.eu, launched in The Hague in March 2026, is invitation-only so far. What you can take from them is the method: start with the office suite, keep a fallback, and expect it to take a couple of years.
Why some popular options aren’t on this list
- Google Workspace and ChromeOS. Google is on our own avoid list: advertising was about 73% of Alphabet’s revenue in 2025, and ToS;DR grades Google E. Our Google alternatives guide covers leaving it.
- Apple (macOS, iWork, iCloud). A fair choice if you already own a Mac: iWork is free and works offline, and Advanced Data Protection gives end-to-end encrypted iCloud in most countries. It’s also closed source, tied to Apple’s hardware, and a swap of one large US company for another, and UK users lost Advanced Data Protection in February 2025 after a Home Office order (whether it’s back is not verified). We mention it without recommending it.
- Zoom. Settled with the FTC in November 2020 after advertising “end-to-end” encryption it didn’t have, and in August 2023 its terms appeared to allow AI training on customer content until a backlash reversed it (Axios). ToS;DR grades it D.
- Slack. Owned by Salesforce since 2021. In May 2024 its privacy principles let it train models on customer messages by default, with opting out requiring an email from the workspace owner; it then clarified it doesn’t train generative AI on customer data.
- Dropbox. An April 2024 breach of Dropbox Sign exposed every Sign user’s email and username, plus hashed passwords and API keys for some, and a third-party AI setting was on by default outside the EU, UK and Canada in December 2023. ToS;DR grades it D.
- Notion. Venture-backed, with no end-to-end encryption, and in February 2024 it bought the encrypted mail and docs service Skiff and shut it within 6 months. Joplin, Standard Notes and CryptPad do the notes job.
- WPS Office. Owned by Kingsoft in China and funded partly by ads: its privacy policy says “Advertising keeps functions and services of WPS Office you use free of charge”. In 2022 a novelist’s unpublished manuscript was locked for “sensitive content”, and in 2024 ESET found a spy group exploiting a WPS zero-day.
- Indeed and Glassdoor. Both belong to Recruit Holdings and earn from employers’ job ads. In March 2024 Glassdoor users found their real names added to supposedly anonymous profiles, and in July 2025 Recruit folded Glassdoor into Indeed. ToS;DR grades Indeed D.
- Zoho Workplace is covered in the Office section: listed, with its caveats, and kept out of the table.
Leaving Microsoft one step at a time
Nothing here needs to happen at once, and the first 2 steps change nothing you can’t undo.
- Install LibreOffice next to Office and open your own files in it. It reads and writes DOCX, XLSX and PPTX, so nothing is lost if you go back. If your files open fine, you’ve already replaced the product most people pay for.
- Keep a local copy of your OneDrive files and your Outlook mail before you move anything. Copy the whole OneDrive folder to a drive you own, then upload it to Filen, Koofr or Nextcloud. For mail, the Gmail guide’s steps apply (forwarding first, then import). We haven’t re-checked Microsoft’s export pages for this update, so follow Microsoft’s own help for the current menus.
- Try Linux from a USB stick before you install it. Linux Mint and the others run from the stick without touching your disk, so you can test your Wi-Fi, printer and screen first. End of 10 has the do-it-yourself guide and a list of people who’ll help in person. If you’re staying on Windows 10 for now, Microsoft’s Extended Security Updates run to 12 October 2027, free if you sync settings to a Microsoft account, or for 1,000 Rewards points or a one-time $30. In the EU and the rest of the EEA it’s free as long as you stay signed in to Windows with a Microsoft account, or $30 if you’d rather keep a local account.
- Turn off LinkedIn’s AI training: Settings, Data privacy, then “Data for Generative AI Improvement” (The Register, 27 October 2025). While you’re there, put a link to your own site on your profile so people can find you after you leave.
- Turn off the Start menu promotions on Windows 11: Settings, Personalization, Start, then untick “Show recommendations for tips, app promotions, and more” (Neowin). Small, but it’s your computer.
Leaving more of Big Tech? Our Facebook guide and Google guide work the same way as this one.
Questions people ask
What is the best alternative to Windows?
For most people, Linux Mint: it looks familiar, it’s free, it’s supported until April 2029, and it runs on PCs that can’t take Windows 11. If you want it to look as much like Windows as possible, Zorin OS. If you’re at real risk, Qubes OS. If you’d rather wait, Microsoft’s consumer security updates for Windows 10 continue to 12 October 2027.
Is there a free program that can replace Microsoft Office?
Yes: LibreOffice. It runs on Windows, macOS and Linux, works offline, opens and saves Word, Excel and PowerPoint files, and has no AI built in. ONLYOFFICE‘s desktop editors are also free and claim closer Microsoft-format fidelity, with the ownership facts set out above.
Is OpenOffice still free?
Yes, Apache OpenOffice is still free to download, and it still gets occasional security releases (4.1.16 in November 2025). Its last feature release was in 2014, though, and Apache’s own security team rated the project’s health “red” in 2026. LibreOffice grew out of the same code and is maintained properly, so start there.
What is a good replacement for Microsoft 365?
Microsoft 365 bundles Office, OneDrive, Outlook and Teams, so replace it in pieces: LibreOffice on your computer, CryptPad or Nextcloud for editing together online, Filen or Koofr for files, Posteo or Proton Mail for email, and Zulip for team chat. Small businesses that want one hosted suite can look at Zoho Workplace, with the caveats in the Office section.
Do you really need Microsoft Office anymore?
At work, probably, because your colleagues and clients use it. At home, rarely: LibreOffice covers letters, spreadsheets and slides, and the files travel both ways. The case for keeping Office is heavy, macro-filled spreadsheets or documents whose layout has to look identical, and we haven’t tested those ourselves.
Is Microsoft ethically responsible?
The sourced facts are in “Why people leave Microsoft”: the antitrust findings, the Storm-0558 report, the LinkedIn fine, the price rise with Copilot, the testimony on US access to European data, the rising emissions, and the services it disabled in September 2025 after the Azure reporting. Judge it against our manifesto, and move the parts you can.
Know an alternative we’ve missed?
Suggest it here. We check every suggestion against the same 6 principles. To hear when we re-check this guide, join our newsletter.
Sources
Checked on 13 October 2026. Prices, release dates and claims about each alternative come from the pages linked in its entry above.
- Microsoft, Windows 10 support has ended; Extended Security Updates; Windows 11 specifications, all checked 13 October 2026.
- Irish Times and Reuters, Canalys e-waste estimate, 21 December 2023; End of 10 press release, 28 May 2025.
- Neowin, Start menu app promotions, April 2024; Microsoft, update on Recall, 7 June 2024, and Recall general availability, 25 April 2025.
- Microsoft, Copilot in Microsoft 365 Personal and Family, 16 January 2025; Reuters via Yahoo, ACCC takes Microsoft to court, 27 October 2025.
- CyberScoop on the Cyber Safety Review Board’s Storm-0558 report, April 2024; The Guardian, Microsoft and the NSA, 11 July 2013.
- Irish Data Protection Commission, €310 million LinkedIn fine, 24 October 2024; The Register, LinkedIn AI training from 3 November 2025, 27 October 2025.
- SDxCentral, Microsoft France at the French Senate, June 2025.
- US Department of Justice, United States v. Microsoft, final judgments November 2002; Microsoft acquisitions of Skype (10 May 2011), LinkedIn (13 June 2016) and GitHub (4 June 2018, completed 26 October 2018); Microsoft’s Teams commitments, binding from 12 September 2025; Microsoft 10-K for fiscal 2026, 29 July 2026.
- Microsoft 2025 Environmental Sustainability Report, 29 May 2025; 2026 figures via Facilities Dive, July 2026, not verified against the report itself.
- The Guardian, Unit 8200 and Azure, 6 August 2025; Microsoft, update on its review, 25 September 2025.
- Microsoft, Skype is retiring in May 2025, checked 13 October 2026.
- Microsoft, Bing Search API retirement, 11 August 2025; StatCounter search engine market share, September 2026; DuckDuckGo, where results come from; Ecosia, search results providers; Qwant privacy policy; SUMA-EV on the end of free MetaGer, 10 September 2024; all checked 13 October 2026.
- Europe: The Register on Schleswig-Holstein, 15 October 2025; heise, 2 October 2025; Born City, September 2026; omgubuntu.co.uk on Denmark, June 2025; It’s FOSS on the Austrian armed forces, September 2025; The Register on Lyon, 26 June 2025; The Register on France’s Linux plan, 13 April 2026.
- The ICC: Associated Press via PBS, 15 May 2025; heise, Microsoft’s response, June 2025; Computing on the move to openDesk, October 2025.
- Office: Apache Software Foundation board minutes, 15 April 2026; Apache OpenOffice security bulletins; Collabora on its removal from The Document Foundation and LWN, April 2026; ONLYOFFICE on its ownership, 2 April 2026; The Register on the Euro-Office fork, 2 April 2026; heise on the licence dispute, April 2026.
- Popular options: the dated reports linked in that section, plus the Alphabet 10-K for 2025 and the ESET report on the WPS Office zero-day, August 2024.
- Closed services: Polywork, 31 January 2025; TechCrunch on Read.cv, 17 January 2025.
- ToS;DR grades, all checked 13 October 2026.
What changed
- 14 October 2026: re-checked everything and rebuilt the guide around the jobs people use Microsoft for. Added Linux Mint, Zorin OS, Fedora, elementary OS, Trisquel, TUXEDO Computers, Framework, Collabora Online, CryptPad, Euro-Office, Etherpad, Framasoft, Joplin, Standard Notes, Simplenote, Filen, Koofr, Syncthing, Nextcloud, OpenCloud, Proton Drive, pCloud, Internxt, Seafile, Sync.com, Zulip, Element, Jitsi Meet, Proton Meet, Jami, Wire, Twist, Rocket.Chat, Escape the City, Codeberg, GitLab, Lumo and Ollama, with one-line mentions of System76’s distribution, Bazzite, End of 10, FairEmail, Hetzner Storage Share, Framatalk, BigBlueButton, Idealist, Forgejo, SourceHut and Jan. Removed Apache OpenOffice (Apache rates its security health “red” and its last feature release was in 2014), The Dots (no news since 2018 and we couldn’t read its site), MetaGer as a free search engine (paid-only since 10 September 2024) and the Skype section (Skype closed on 5 May 2025); Tresorit, which stores data on Microsoft Azure by default, and Turtl, whose core code has been untouched since 2020, are left out. ONLYOFFICE, Rocket.Chat, Framework and Zoho Workplace are listed with their caveats stated. Cut the “Censorship” and “War profiteering” sections and kept only sourced, current facts in “Why people leave Microsoft”; corrected the old revenue figure (it was fiscal 2019, not 2018), the Windows release year (1985, not 1983) and Bing’s rank (second, not third). Added the Europe section, the Windows 10 end-of-support facts, the GitHub and Copilot sections, and the comparison tables.
- 15 October 2019: first published.
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